Justices Back Rule Limiting Coal Pollution by Coral Davenport Article

Essays on Justices Back Rule Limiting Coal Pollution by Coral Davenport Article The paper "Justices Back Rule Limiting Coal Pollution by Coral Davenport" is a great example of an article on environmental studies. The article â€Å"Justices Back Rule Limiting Coal Pollution† was written by Coral Davenport in late April with the intention of informing the public on how coal plants, as well as courts, contribute to the pollution of air and the environment (Davenport, 2014). According to the article, carbon dioxide which is the key contributor for greenhouse effect together with mercury is the key things that are addressed by E.P.A. Soot and smog which are products of coal combustion result to health complications such as asthma, lung diseases as well as premature deaths (Davenport, 2014). The supporting of the E.P.A to control the smog production from coal plants involves the inaction of Obama’s administration Clean Air Act. The implementation of the regulations was however challenged by the Republicans and coal industry who claimed that the regulatio ns were nothing but â€Å"war on coal†. According to the article, Obama’s administration’s effort to enact Clean Air Act was challenged by not only Obama’s political interests in areas such as Ohio but also by the decision made by the Court of Appeal (Davenport, 2014). However, the decision made by the Supreme Court enabled Obama’s administration to enact its policies on pollution regulations. According to the article, a good example of such policies is the â€Å"good neighbor rule† that has managed to protect health as well as the environment of downwind states. Despite all these, the issuing of the regulations also received lots of criticisms. According to the article, downwind states required upwind states to cut their pollution according to their products because they are the key cause of pollution of downwind states. The coal industry and Republicans also claimed that Obama’s administration aimed at allocating too much power to t he E.P.A resulting in economic burden on the polluting states (Davenport, 2014). According to the article, this is as a result of the coal plants being forced to install expensive scrubber technology so as to control the release of smog to the environment. According to the article, Republicans and the coal industry also claimed that the regulations may lead to the closure of some plants which will raise energy costs in addition to the loss of employment. Additionally, the article asserts that pollution in America is also as a result of some states being resilient to the set rules.   Pollution was the key reason for the occurrence of respiratory diseases in the U.S. because of many reasons. For instance, it is evident that E.P.A was not justified to stop issuing regulation issues in Ohio because of Obama’s political interests. The health of the people of Ohio was very important than some individual’s interests. Participation of the Court of Appeal in barring E.P.A from issuing regulations against coal-plant pollution through producing mercury was also a portrayal of injustice to people (Davenport, 2014). The Court of Appeal knew very well of the negative implications of burning coal but still insisted on barring E.P.A from controlling pollution. Supreme Court’s support of Obama’s administration was, however, a portrayal of justice. The Supreme Court took into consideration the health of people and allowed E.P.A to come up with new rules that will reduce pollution in America. In conclusion, Davenport’s article expounds on the con tributions of burning coal to the environment. The courts as well politicians contribute significantly to the occurrence of pollution in the environment. To regulate pollution, coal-plants are supposed to cut pollution in accordance with their production. Implementation of E.P.A regulations also aids significantly in regulating pollution. However, their implementation may lead to the closure of some plants and as a result, lead to the rise of energy costs.

The Internet †Pros and Cons Free Essays

In the age of the technological development nobody who moves with the times can imagine existing without the Internet. However, its popularity makes us bear in mind all its side effects. Many argue that the Internet is a treasury of information while the others find it as a source of misleading information and danger. We will write a custom essay sample on The Internet – Pros and Cons or any similar topic only for you Order Now So, is the Internet a force for good or a force for evil? Firstly, the Internet is an invaluable tool which helps students learn. Without any effort we can gain an access to the study aids. Furthermore, we can save time avoiding queues thanks to a large selection of online stores, which is particularly important for the disabled. Moreover, the Internet gives an opportunity to get in touch with new people from all over the world and keep in touch with the loved ones. However the Internet cannot be always shown in favourable light. First and foremost, the Internet is incredibly addictive – surfers are often not able to bear without checking their mail hundreds of times per day. Moreover, unlimited possibilities of communication with surfers cause losing an active social life in the real world. Lastly, inappropriate information as even pornography await under-age users at every turn. To sum up, there are many advantages and disadvantages of the Internet. Some people say the Internet has ruined our lives but in my opinion it transformed the world for the better. Although the Internet may be dangerous, it is a great invention and a window to the world. How to cite The Internet – Pros and Cons, Papers

Contemporary Strategic Management Perspective †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Strategic Management Perspective. Answer: Introduction The present study is focused on environment evaluation of BHP Billiton by considering their external and internal business factors to determine their strategic efficiency. The study will include a description of trends in Australian steel manufacturing industry and their current strategy to assess their competitive advantages. For better presentation and understanding of subject matter tools such as SWOT and PESTLE analysis will be applied. BHP Billiton Limited is an international company engaged in the development of natural resources. The company manufactures a range of commodities such as iron ore, uranium, copper and metallurgical coal. Division of company is inclusive of Coal, Petroleum, Iron Ore and Copper. The division of Petroleum segment is totally involved in the examination, growth and productivity of both gas and oil (Boons, Quist and Wagner, 2013). The division of Copper is completely involved in gold, copper, lead, zinc, silver, molybdenum and uranium mining. The division of Iron Ore segment is involved in Iron ore mining. Lastly, the division of Coal is involved in metallurgical coal as well as thermal energy coal mining. The business management contains Australias and Americas Minerals, advertising and Petroleum. The industry is engaged in extracting and practising oil, minerals and gas from its operations of productivity established in America and Australia (Young et al. 2014). Product distribution is m anaged by the industry by its large-scale chains of logistics containing goods and transportation of pipelines. The companys business contains Australias and Americas Minerals, advertising and Petroleum. Internal and external analysis Strength BHP is one of the successful and reputed companies of natural resources with a varied range of assets. The company has a great image and position in the marketplace (Peng, 2016). BHP has served class financial returns in preceding five years. The industry through an aggressive program of share buyback in order to return their capital amount to investors. BHP is a strong international operator aiming at sustainable growth and development along with a tough record of the track with no significant downside negative brand awareness because of the issues with the stakeholders. Weakness Lack of experienced staff further having damage on operations, so there is a need for training, area development and recruitment Poor company communication is another weakness of BHP as there is lack of active replies (Grant and et al. 2014). This can be cured by using new media or better communication among groups. Opportunities Implementation of creative marketing strategies as an active promoter of the entity by making use of new media techniques and outreach of customers, at the same time marketing of natural resources from the wide ranging assets of the company (Lodhia and Martin 2014). In order to widen the brand so as to increase the self-awareness of customer of operations and strengths of the company. Threats Suppliers increasing costs, inflation in the environment, issues regarding labour staffing are considered as the major threats faced by BHP at present stage of growth and development (Hubbard and et al. 2017). International Operations usually endangered by environmental factors, and the industry must mainly aim at sustainable development and good communication among stakeholders, in order to prevent delays in operations or customer relationship damage due to environmental interests (Steyn and Niemann, 2014). Political factors BHP Billiton Limited is an international company of resources which is liable regarding political factors risks in all the markets. Political factors create a great influence on key factors of a company such as operating license, pipeline projects, development choice and high-quality assets (Dobele and et al. 2014). BHP has dedicated its capital to projects of examination and growth in countries having political instability risks such as changing regulations of Democratic Republic of Congo, Mongolia, Western Africa, and Kazakhstan. BHP is vulnerable to inflation economic factors; energy costs, examination expenses, costs of labour, operational costs, costing of materials. These increments may adversely affect the development plans, expansion projects and profitability of the company (Hudson and Sadler, 2017). The industry is dependent on the existing strength in international commodities pricing which is related to the global economic health. BHP is liable to sociocultural factors regarding all its operations and relationship with stakeholders. These factors compel the industry to support financially support local societies and offer them resources for the development of infrastructure which includes housing, schools, and roads (Lazzarini, 2015). New Projects of mining and growth mostly requires approvals by society as without this it can impact productivity and profitability. BHP is totally dependent on technological factors effective mining, discovery and survey of natural resources. The company is relying greatly on technological use for discovery. The technology investment is considered as a crucial expenditure for the company. This mentioned technical factor impacts two major key aspects of BHP Billiton which is project pipeline and world class assets. Being a company of natural resources, BHP Billiton is responsible for rules and policies of the public about the environment interest inclusive of Kyoto Protocol in 1997, Clean Development and Climate of the Asia-Pacific Partnership, clean production, renewable yet recycled energy resources, trading system of the European Union Emissions (Sheth and Sinha, 2015). The company tend to drive practices of sustainable development and zero harm to the environment. BHP Billiton is accountable for the existing conditions of environment, past mining and tool operations. The responsibility of environment is directly linked to the key drivers of the operating license. Legal factors are considered to be the significant factors of risks for the company BHP Billiton. The company has suffered from authorized liabilities regarding the cause of damage to the environment from the Southwest Copper operations at Arizona, which consequently affected the financial performance of the company. BHP failed in a significant Federal Court Decision in Australia concerning access for two Western Australia iron ore mines regarding rail infrastructure. BHP Billiton is said to be the number one mining company around the world, enjoying a great competitive edge through its well-diversified portfolio of mining operations worldwide. All thanks to its large scale and size, solid balance sheet and available resources, BHP Billiton is totally capable of ensuring the stability and instability of commodity markets. Another major factor to be considered is the diversification of commodities and characteristics of the company as it assists in reducing risks and provides stability in cash flow (BHP, 2015). The long useful life of the company, reduce costs, flexible assets and also the companys hand in the growth of Asian markets (BHP, 2017). These elements come together in order to offer sustainable competitive benefit to BHP over many of their industry peers, which assists the company in continuing value creation for shareholders in the long run. Trends in Australian Steel manufacturing industry These products are utilized in diverse activities across the globe, especially in the sectors of production and construction. Aiming to the GFC, steel and aluminium demand and needs have reached peak level. Consumption of Steel growth has been unstable while consumption of aluminium growth increased since 2014. International consumption of steel and aluminium is nearly related to the activities of the economy (Hudson and Sadler, 2017). The International economy is becoming ever more competitive while the markets of steel markets have become unstable. Global steel consumption and construction turned down during 2015. Consumption of the commodities declined from 1.7% to 1.6 billion of tones whereas the productivity fell by 1.9%, primarily because of China, US and Japans low output. The 2016 outlook is serious, with the potential to increase the consumption by 0.9% internationally, production to stay at existing levels (Dobele and et al. 2014). The prediction done for Australia is relatively sobering, likely to decrease the production of steel by 6.2% because of international competition. Australia is highly rated as the freest economy across the globe: A judgment the IBC welcomes. While dramatically lowers the barrier to entry for markets that means the global compels has a major influence on competitiveness domestic steel industries. Instability in oil price has noticeably increased the output of steel (especially in China) and has reduced the price of the hot rolled coil in 2010 from $US300 to $US00 in 2015. Respectively, these factors considerably gnarled profit margins Price dumping: This is engaged product exporting at a price under its cost production, or a price in the manufactured location, for the purpose of rapid reduction of prices in competitive markets and rapid increment in market shares. Evidence from foreign steel companies inclusive of South Korea and China competitors are involved in prohibited price dumping. The latest information on anti-dumping legislation done by Federal Government is a solution for this issue. Market distorting policies: policies of Market distorting introduced by the government in the completive countries also creates a negative effect on the private steel industry. China is said to be the largest supplier of steel commodities worldwide and is a net exporter of steel from 2005, its operational and production capability has peaked recently (Lazzarini, 2015). Policies have promoted the China producers in order to raise the market share. These are inclusive of viable treatment of tax, liberal subsidies also proper development and research to maintain high-quality skills and techniques of manufacturing onto land The high dollar cost of Australia has increased the input and production costs, containing the key driver commodities like coal and iron ore. Recommendations: Supporting the government of States and Territories to make use of agreements of Industry Participation. Improvements in the local content acquisition by better involvement, analysing and promoting the technologies, tools, skills, employment and the results of public infrastructural projects. There is a requirement of suppliers of government to match the steel quality levels and standards. Encouraging economic diversification through better formulation of entrepreneurship, improving small scale business research and devoting more to infrastructure Current business strategy of BHP Billiton BHP major aim is to maintain a longer term shareholder value by detecting, attaining developing and advertising mining and natural resources. So as to attain the business model of BHPB business model, this model aim on having and operating large, long term, flexible, and lower costs assets which can be expanded by products, characteristics and market (BHP, 2015). BHPB is well divided into four pillars of operational business which are Iron Ore Coal, Petroleum and Copper encouraged by extensive and centralised business (Functions of Group) as well as divisions of advertising (Marketing). Every business has its personal managerial team, and the chief executive officer is the head managing the Group Management Committee, the major management committee is the BHPBs. The business model of BHPBs and its concerns on decision making allows to make long-term, viable decisions concerning such assets either by discovery or a new acquisition, at the same time it maximizes value from operating its existing assets. An instance of BHPBs pledge to just make the operation of Tier 1 assets was given emphasises on 25 May 2015, when it adopted the amalgamation of its small and non-core assets in a new public enterprise named South. During the merge of both entities BHP and Billiton, 2001, assets in the portfolio of the company increased immensely diverse rates concerning the international conditions of the market and consequent investigation (BHP, 2017). Consequently, BHPB contained assets at both ends of the scale spectrum. As the smaller and noncore assets were unable to encourage their corporate share and operating costs, and thus a conclusion was made that would be valued in a fair manner by the market under a separate entity. Conclusion In accordance with the present study, the conclusion can be drawn that BHPB is performing well financially and having strengthened market position. The study shows that company has significant competitive advantages in the market but they are required to work on their internal working practices such as the development of human resources and communication methods for further improvement. The company is also recommended to update business strategies as per industry trends. References BHP, 2015. Sustaining Australias competitive advantage. [Online]. Available through https://www.bhp.com/media-and-insights/reports-and-presentations/2015/06/sustaining-australias-competitive-advantage. [Accessed on 8th September 2017]. BHP, 2017. [Online]. Available through https://www.bhp.com/ . [Accessed on 8th September 2017]. BHP, 2017. BHP Billiton | Structure and strategy. [Online]. Available through https://www.bhp.com/our-approach/our-company/strategy. [Accessed on 8th September 2017]. Boons, F., Montalvo, C., Quist, J. and Wagner, M., 2013. Sustainable innovation, business models and economic performance: an overview.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, pp.1-8. Dobele, A.R., Westberg, K., Steel, M. and Flowers, K., 2014. An examination of corporate social responsibility implementation and stakeholder engagement: A case study in the Australian mining industry.Business Strategy and the Environment,23(3), pp.145-159. Grant, R., Butler, B., Orr, S. and Murray, P.A., 2014.Contemporary strategic management: An Australasian perspective. John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd. Hubbard, T.N., Hubbard, T.N., Moore, M.J. and Moore, M.J., 2017. BHP Billiton: Mining Potash.Kellogg School of Management Cases, pp.1-13. Hudson, R. and Sadler, D., 2017.The international steel industry: restructuring, state policies and localities. Routledge. Hudson, R. and Sadler, D., 2017.The international steel industry: restructuring, state policies and localities. Routledge. Lazzarini, S.G., 2015. Strategizing by the government: Can industrial policy create firm?level competitive advantage?.Strategic Management Journal,36(1), pp.97-112. Lodhia, S. and Martin, N., 2014. Corporate sustainability indicators: an Australian mining case study.Journal of cleaner production,84, pp.107-115. Peng, M.W., 2016.Global business. Cengage Learning. Sheth, J.N. and Sinha, M., 2015. B2B branding in emerging markets: A sustainability perspective.Industrial Marketing Management,51, pp.79-88. Steyn, B. and Niemann, L., 2014. The strategic role of public relations in enterprise strategy, governance and sustainabilityA normative framework.Public Relations Review,40(2), pp.171-183. Young, M.N., Tsai, T., Wang, X., Liu, S. and Ahlstrom, D., 2014. Strategy in emerging economies and the theory of the firm.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,31(2), pp.331-354.

Informative Speech on How to Dress free essay sample

A Professional Outlook I Date: February 8, Manama: Rehearsed M. Has Thesis: Appropriate dressing In a professional setting can determine the attitude an employer may develop when first meeting you. As you can see, I have two people standing here In both business attire, and formal wear. Youre probably thinking to yourself why are they dressed so differently? As people, it takes the average person seven seconds to judge an individual based off their appearance.Most times, we are constantly placed in setting were we are judged based off look, age, gender or race. When you meet someone face-to-face, 93% of how you are judged is based on non-verbal data your appearance and your body language. Appearance alone wont lead to success, but it plays a major contributing role. Appropriate dressing in a professional setting can determine the attitude an employer may develop when they first meet you. For two years now, Vive watch how a certain appearance can grab the attention of a person, especially in a business environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech on How to Dress or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Following the tip I will soon share has better prepared me for what to expect in the business world. In this speech, I will explain: * the importance of first impressions * Why you should dress for success * Ways you can properly dress in a work environment First I will explain the importance of first impressions. In todays society its hard to find jobs, especially in our age range. We tend to forget that people we least expect are watching our every moves the most. Sounds scary, in fact it is! When meeting someone important we feel that our personality can overpower anything, and thats where we as young adults go wrong.How you appear can either Intimidate a person, or make a person feel welcomed. First Impressions are very Important because Its like you are selling yourself to reassure an employer that you can uphold the professional appearance, and two you are able to meet the qualifications the company has set. A bad first Impression can basically ruin your chances of being successful In that establishment. Remember you never get a second chance to make a first Impressions, so why not leave them with something great! Next I will talk to you about why it is important to dress for success.There is an old phrase that states a person should dress for success. There is a very good likelihood that you have eared it. Many individuals are urged to dress for success by their college professors, their parents, as well as their supervisors. Although its nice to hear that you should those benefits is that you have the ability to improve your professionalism, both inside and outside of work. Dressing for success is often associated with professional clothes. Another one of the many important benefits to dressing for success is the ability to gain self-confidence and self-esteem. These are both important to your health and wellbeing.It is a known fact that those who look good often feel good bout themselves. This extra confidence is important when looking to dress for success, especially in instances where you may be attending a Job interview or an important business meeting. In certain instances, such as these, this increased self- confidence can help you make a good impression. Dressing for success indicates to others that you care about your perceived demeanor, that you care about your Job and being professional at it, and that you have the drive, determination, and the right attitude for moving forward with confidence according to (www. ealthylifestyleplus. Com). Now you know why it is important to dress for success, now I will explain ways you can dress properly dress in the work place. Dressing for the workplace can take some practice; however, first and foremost, no matter what you wear, your clothes should be neat and clean. Keep your shoes in good condition, your hair should be neatly styled, for women: makeup should be subtle. Nails should be clean and neat and of reasonable length. Dress for the Job you want. If you aspire to be a manager, dress like managers in your company do.Examples of what to wear in a professional environment, suit and tie or button down/ water and khakis with dress shoes, for men and a nice conservative blouse for women with a knee length skirt or slacks, or a nice knee length dress accompanied with low heels or flats. Jewelry, cologne and perfume should be in good taste, with limited visible body piercing. Remember, that some employees are allergic to the chemicals in perfumes and colognes so wear these substances with restraint. Hats are not appropriate in the office. Head Covers that are required for religious purposes or to honor cultural tradition are allowed according to (wry. Narcissuses. About. Com). Now you know how to dress properly in the work place. Appropriate dressing in a professional setting can determine the attitude an employer may develop when they first meet you. In my speech I have informed you on the importance of first impressions, why you should dress for success, ways you can properly dress in a work environment. Now when whatever the occasion may be, interview, formal speech, or at work you know how to dress, while feel confident, professional, and most importantly comfortable. I hope that you see the importance.

Biography of Humphry Davy, Prominent English Chemist

Biography of Humphry Davy, Prominent English Chemist Sir Humphry Davy (December 17, 1778–May 29, 1829) was a British chemist and inventor who was best known for his contributions to the discoveries of chlorine, iodine, and many other chemical substances. He also invented the Davy lamp, a lighting device that greatly improved safety for coal miners, and the carbon arc, an early version of the electric light. Fast Facts: Sir Humphry Davy Known For: Scientific discoveries and inventionsBorn: December 17, 1778 in  Penzance,  Cornwall, EnglandParents: Robert Davy, Grace Millet DavyDied: May 29, 1829 in Geneva, SwitzerlandPublished Works: Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, Elements of Chemical PhilosophyAwards and Honors: Knight and baronetSpouse: Jane ApreeceNotable Quote: Nothing is so dangerous to the progress of the human mind than to assume that our views of science are ultimate, that there are no mysteries in nature, that our triumphs are complete and that there are no new worlds to conquer. Early Life Humphry Davy was born on December 17, 1778, in  Penzance,  Cornwall, England. He was the eldest of five children of parents who owned a small, less-than-prosperous farm. His father Robert Davy was also a woodcarver. Young Davy was educated locally and was described as an exuberant, affectionate, popular boy, intelligent and having a lively imagination. He was fond of writing poems, sketching, making fireworks, fishing, shooting, and collecting minerals; he was said to wander with one of his pockets filled with fishing tackle and the other overflowing with mineral specimens. His father died in 1794, leaving his wife, Grace Millet Davy, and the rest of the family heavily in debt because of his failed mining investments. The death of his father changed Davy’s life, making him determined to help his mother by quickly making something of himself.  Davy was apprenticed to a surgeon and apothecary a year later, and he hoped eventually to qualify for a medical career, but he also educated himself in other subjects, including theology, philosophy, languages, and the sciences, including chemistry. About this time he also met Gregory Watt, son of the famous Scottish inventor James Watt, and Davies Gilbert, who allowed Davy to use a library and chemical laboratory. Davy began his own experiments, mainly with gases. Early Career Davy began preparing (and inhaling) nitrous oxide, known as laughing gas, and carried out a series of experiments that almost killed him and may have damaged his long-term health. He recommended that the gas be used as anesthesia for surgical procedures, though it was half a century later before nitrous oxide would be used to save lives. An article Davy wrote on heat and light impressed Dr. Thomas Beddoes, an eminent English physician and scientific writer who had founded the Pneumatic Institution in Bristol, where he experimented with the use of gases in medical treatment. Davy joined Beddoes institution in 1798, and at age 19 he became its chemical superintendent. While there he explored oxides, nitrogen, and ammonia. He published his findings in the 1800 book Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, which attracted recognition in the field. In 1801, Davy was appointed to the Royal Institution in London, first as a lecturer and then as a professor of chemistry. His lectures became so popular that admirers would line up for blocks to attend them. He had earned a professorship five years after reading his first chemistry book. Later Career Davy’s attention turned to electrochemistry, which became possible in 1800 with Alessandro Voltas invention of the voltaic pile, the first electric battery. He concluded that the production of electricity in simple  electrolytic cells  resulted from chemical action between substances of opposite charges. He reasoned that  electrolysis, or the interaction of electric currents with chemical compounds, offered a way to decompose substances to their elements for further study. In addition to using electrical power to conduct experiments and isolate elements, Davy invented the carbon arc, an early version of the electric light that produced light in the arc between two carbon rods. It didnt become economically practical until the cost of producing the power supply became reasonable years later. His work led to discoveries regarding sodium and potassium and the discovery of boron. He also figured out why chlorine serves as a bleaching agent. Davy did research for the Society for Preventing Accidents in Coal Mines, leading to his 1815 invention of a lamp that was safe to use in mines. Named the Davy lamp in his honor, it consisted of a wick lamp whose flame was enclosed by a mesh screen. The screen allowed for the mining of deep coal seams despite the presence of methane and other flammable gases by dissipating the flames heat and inhibiting ignition of  the gases. Later Life and Death Davy was knighted in 1812 and was made a baronet in 1818 for contributions to his country and to mankind; especially the Davy lamp. In between, he married rich widow and socialite Jane Apreece. He became president of the Royal Society of London in 1820 and was a founding Fellow of the Zoological Society of London in 1826. Beginning in 1827, his health began to decline. Davy died at Geneva, Switzerland, on May 29, 1829, at age 50. Legacy In Davys honor, the Royal Society has awarded the Davy Medal annually since 1877 â€Å"for an outstandingly important recent discovery in any branch of chemistry.† Davys work served as a guide and inspiration encouraging many to study chemistry, physics and other fields of science, including Michael Faraday, his lab assistant. Faraday became famous in his own right for his contributions to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. It has been said that Faraday was Davys greatest discovery. He also was known as one of the greatest exponents of the  scientific method, a mathematical and experimental technique employed in the  sciences, specifically in the construction and testing of a  scientific hypothesis. Sources Sir Humphrey Davy: British Chemist. Encyclopedia Britannica.Sir Humphry Davy Biography. Enotes.com.Humphry Davy Biography. Biography.com.Humphry Davy. Sciencehistory.org.Humphry Davy. Famousscientists.org.

Biography of Humphry Davy, Prominent English Chemist

Biography of Humphry Davy, Prominent English Chemist Sir Humphry Davy (December 17, 1778–May 29, 1829) was a British chemist and inventor who was best known for his contributions to the discoveries of chlorine, iodine, and many other chemical substances. He also invented the Davy lamp, a lighting device that greatly improved safety for coal miners, and the carbon arc, an early version of the electric light. Fast Facts: Sir Humphry Davy Known For: Scientific discoveries and inventionsBorn: December 17, 1778 in  Penzance,  Cornwall, EnglandParents: Robert Davy, Grace Millet DavyDied: May 29, 1829 in Geneva, SwitzerlandPublished Works: Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, Elements of Chemical PhilosophyAwards and Honors: Knight and baronetSpouse: Jane ApreeceNotable Quote: Nothing is so dangerous to the progress of the human mind than to assume that our views of science are ultimate, that there are no mysteries in nature, that our triumphs are complete and that there are no new worlds to conquer. Early Life Humphry Davy was born on December 17, 1778, in  Penzance,  Cornwall, England. He was the eldest of five children of parents who owned a small, less-than-prosperous farm. His father Robert Davy was also a woodcarver. Young Davy was educated locally and was described as an exuberant, affectionate, popular boy, intelligent and having a lively imagination. He was fond of writing poems, sketching, making fireworks, fishing, shooting, and collecting minerals; he was said to wander with one of his pockets filled with fishing tackle and the other overflowing with mineral specimens. His father died in 1794, leaving his wife, Grace Millet Davy, and the rest of the family heavily in debt because of his failed mining investments. The death of his father changed Davy’s life, making him determined to help his mother by quickly making something of himself.  Davy was apprenticed to a surgeon and apothecary a year later, and he hoped eventually to qualify for a medical career, but he also educated himself in other subjects, including theology, philosophy, languages, and the sciences, including chemistry. About this time he also met Gregory Watt, son of the famous Scottish inventor James Watt, and Davies Gilbert, who allowed Davy to use a library and chemical laboratory. Davy began his own experiments, mainly with gases. Early Career Davy began preparing (and inhaling) nitrous oxide, known as laughing gas, and carried out a series of experiments that almost killed him and may have damaged his long-term health. He recommended that the gas be used as anesthesia for surgical procedures, though it was half a century later before nitrous oxide would be used to save lives. An article Davy wrote on heat and light impressed Dr. Thomas Beddoes, an eminent English physician and scientific writer who had founded the Pneumatic Institution in Bristol, where he experimented with the use of gases in medical treatment. Davy joined Beddoes institution in 1798, and at age 19 he became its chemical superintendent. While there he explored oxides, nitrogen, and ammonia. He published his findings in the 1800 book Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, which attracted recognition in the field. In 1801, Davy was appointed to the Royal Institution in London, first as a lecturer and then as a professor of chemistry. His lectures became so popular that admirers would line up for blocks to attend them. He had earned a professorship five years after reading his first chemistry book. Later Career Davy’s attention turned to electrochemistry, which became possible in 1800 with Alessandro Voltas invention of the voltaic pile, the first electric battery. He concluded that the production of electricity in simple  electrolytic cells  resulted from chemical action between substances of opposite charges. He reasoned that  electrolysis, or the interaction of electric currents with chemical compounds, offered a way to decompose substances to their elements for further study. In addition to using electrical power to conduct experiments and isolate elements, Davy invented the carbon arc, an early version of the electric light that produced light in the arc between two carbon rods. It didnt become economically practical until the cost of producing the power supply became reasonable years later. His work led to discoveries regarding sodium and potassium and the discovery of boron. He also figured out why chlorine serves as a bleaching agent. Davy did research for the Society for Preventing Accidents in Coal Mines, leading to his 1815 invention of a lamp that was safe to use in mines. Named the Davy lamp in his honor, it consisted of a wick lamp whose flame was enclosed by a mesh screen. The screen allowed for the mining of deep coal seams despite the presence of methane and other flammable gases by dissipating the flames heat and inhibiting ignition of  the gases. Later Life and Death Davy was knighted in 1812 and was made a baronet in 1818 for contributions to his country and to mankind; especially the Davy lamp. In between, he married rich widow and socialite Jane Apreece. He became president of the Royal Society of London in 1820 and was a founding Fellow of the Zoological Society of London in 1826. Beginning in 1827, his health began to decline. Davy died at Geneva, Switzerland, on May 29, 1829, at age 50. Legacy In Davys honor, the Royal Society has awarded the Davy Medal annually since 1877 â€Å"for an outstandingly important recent discovery in any branch of chemistry.† Davys work served as a guide and inspiration encouraging many to study chemistry, physics and other fields of science, including Michael Faraday, his lab assistant. Faraday became famous in his own right for his contributions to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. It has been said that Faraday was Davys greatest discovery. He also was known as one of the greatest exponents of the  scientific method, a mathematical and experimental technique employed in the  sciences, specifically in the construction and testing of a  scientific hypothesis. Sources Sir Humphrey Davy: British Chemist. Encyclopedia Britannica.Sir Humphry Davy Biography. Enotes.com.Humphry Davy Biography. Biography.com.Humphry Davy. Sciencehistory.org.Humphry Davy. Famousscientists.org.

Argumentative Essay: Guns Make America! Argumentative Persuasive Essays

With the possible exception of abortion, no other current issue has split the country in two like the debate surrounding gun control.  Ã‚   Both sides are equally adamant.  Ã‚   The pro gun side, as represented by the National Rifle Association, continues to oppose all gun control measures primarily on the grounds that any law restricting gun ownership is unconstitutional.  Ã‚   Proponents of gun control argue that gun violence is an epidemic out of control across the country, and call on federal lawmakers to stem the flow of blood with anti-gun legislation.  Ã‚   This side won a crucial battle in the debate two years ago with the passage of the so called   â€Å"Brady Bill,† Federal legislation that banned the production and sale of some semiautomatic rifles and initiated a waiting period and background check for gun buyers.  Ã‚   However, more recently than now Republican-controlled Congress, with the backing of the NRA, has reignited that battle with plans to repeal the Brady Bill.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second amendment to the constitution guarantees Americans the right to keep and bear arms without government interference.   gun control advocates seem ready and eager to disregard this right which is currently being exercised by 70 million Americans.   (METSKA)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I believe that the governments struggle to keep guns out of the hand of juveniles and criminals is a worthy one, but when it comes   to unconstitutional interrogation then its getting out of control.   The government is currently trying to implement laws that will keep weapons out of the hands of every one. The people on capital hill say that they want a safer America, they want the youth of America to grow up in a caring non-violent environment,   yet all they really want is a more productive best in its class nation.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   History proves that criminal behavior cannot be controlled by the government attempting to regulate inanimate objects.  Ã‚   In other words, criminals will always find a way to get a hold of drugs, guns, what have you.   Proof: drugs may be illegal yet we still have one heck of a problem with them;   thus, if guns of some sort are made illegal then, we will probably end up with one heck of a gun problem. I believe that its not that they need a gun or think its

Gerrymanderinf Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gerrymanderinf Reflection - Essay Example As long as they remain there, the practice continues. Gerrymandering causes political, racial and class tension in a country. Actions that can be taken to reduce the effects of this practice include redistricting based on neutral or cross-party agencies. Rectifying the voting systems, resizing large districts, regulating transparency in elections and having to use fixed districts in elections. Redistricting, however, faces major challenges in implementation. The challenges are related to the negative influence of the top leadership most of whom are the direct or indirect beneficiaries of the practice (Esman & Herring, 2003). In the process, taking a partisan level of approach is relatively easier and is faced with fewer challenges as compared to a bipartisan level approach. This is because with a partisan level, the decisions and explanations made are retained throughout the process. This game specifically relates to challenges the lawmakers often face as they try to change the wrong strategies that brought most of them to the office. There are three predominant types of gerrymandering. Cracking is a gerrymandering approach that spreads out a particular group of voters among a large number of districts thus denying them a majority vote in one area. For instance, most urban areas are even today divided into several districts voting independently to ensure that they do not have a majority advantage. Stacking is another strategy that packs the particular type of voters in a single district and thus significantly reduces their influence in other districts. This is still used today for instance in selecting districts based on racial divides. Mutually positive gerrymandering redraws districts such that two persons of the same group run against one another and hence they both are eliminated in the election that someone else wins (Nivola & Brady, 2006). Nivola, P. S., & Brady, D. W. (2006). Red and blue nation?: Characteristics and causes of

Two Cultural Practices Among The Yanomamo Essay

Two Cultural Practices Among The Yanomamo - Essay Example He describes them as a society constantly â€Å"living in a state of chronic warfare† (p. 22). The purpose of this paper is therefore to show that contrary to popular portrayal of the Yanomamo as a community dominated by senseless violence, instances of warfare are only sporadic and waged for specific purposes (Harris, 1979). In expounding on this view, the paper will look at two main cultural practices among the Yanomamo society that shapes their beliefs and practices as a people. Festivals as a cultural practice Festivals play an important role among the Yanomamo people, and are part and parcel of their culture. They are important to the Yanomamo people because they serve both social and political functions. They are held to cultivate and reaffirm friendships among the villages. Feasting among the Yanomamo involves the sharing of meals, which in a larger extent, symbolizes the sharing of goods through trade and other economic practices that are prevalent among the Yanomamo. These festivities are therefore used to form a social bond among the tribes, despite their warring nature, and to honor and appease the spirits of their ancestors. The Yanomamo people practice a lot of festivities and rituals which include hunting rituals, marriage festivals, songs and dance festivals, and the hugely shocking endocannibalist ritual, which involves the consumption of a deceased’s ashes. ... The hunting festival plays an important role among the Yanomamo culture. They practice two main hunting festivals, the â€Å"rami† which provides them with meat, and the â€Å"heniyomou† which is practiced by the whole community collectively for special guests (Micheli, 2011). The festival is carried out in the evenings and is characterized by songs and dances. Here the young men are required to compose songs amidst laughter from the older members of the society. Whereas the Yanomamo consider marriage to be an important event in their culture, they have no actual marriage ceremonies. The Yanomamo marriage is basically a handing over affair as the suitors were already predetermined by the parents of the girl when she was at a tender age (Micheli, 2011). Such marriages are usually organized as a means of creating alliances with the men and other tribes. Perhaps the most elaborate and well organized festivity/ritual among the Yanomamo is their funeral ceremonies. To the Ya nomamo, death is a great source of grief and anger, no matter the age, gender or position of the deceased, to the whole society. This is because they believe the cause of such death results from sorcery or witchcraft from the rival tribes (Fergusson, 2001). They thus mourn their dead with passion, and mark a ritual where they cremate their dead and ingest the remains of the deceased. This form of endocannibalism is a unique feature among the Yanomamo, who believe by ingesting the remains of the dead member of the society they are preserving his spirit within the society. The major significance of these festivities among the Yanomamo was that they acted as social activities where the community

Food Hygiene & Sanitation Essay Example for Free

Food Hygiene Sanitation Essay Only without oxygen at an ideal temperature 43? C c. Only with oxygen at an ideal temperature of 43? C d. Only without oxygen at an ideal temperature of 39? C 7. Which of the following groups of hazards are most likely to cause a foodborne disease outbreak? a. Bacteria and viruses b. Parasites and molds c. Vibrio spp. and Shigella spp. d. Chemical and physical hazards 8. Bacteria grow best within a narrow temperature range called the temperature danger zone. The temperature danger zone is between: a. -18? C and 104? C b. -8? C and 65? C c. 5? C and 60? C d. 5? C and 100? C . Bacteria that cause foodborne illness will only grow on foods that have pH at _____ or above and a water activity (AW) above____. a. 3. 2; 0. 85 b. 4. 6; 0. 85 c. 6. 5; 0. 80 d. 8. 0; 0. 75 10. Which of the following bacteria produce a toxin that is more likely to cause death if consumed? a. Campylobacter jejuni b. Clostridium botulinum c. Shiga-toxin producing Escheria coli d. Listeria monocytogenes 11. Some bacteria form spores to help them: a. Reproduce b. Move easily from one location to another c. Survive adverse environmental conditions d. Grow in high acidic foods 12. Which of the following is a histamine poisoning? a. Ciguatoxin b. Scombrotoxin c. Mycotoxin d. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) 13. Which of the following is not considered a potentially hazardous food group? a. Red meats b. Fish and shellfish c. Poultry and eggs d. Dried grains and spices 14. The most effective way to control the growth of bacteria in a food establishment is by controlling: a. Time and temperature b. pH and oxygen conditions c. Temperature and water activity d. Time and food availability 15. Food borne illness can caused by: a. Poor personal hygiene b. Cross contamination c. Temperature abuse d. All the above 16. Regarding food thermometers, which statement is false? a. Be calibrated b. Measure temperatures between 5? C and 57? C c. Measure temperatures between -18? C and 104? C d. Be approved for use in foods 17. Good personal hygiene includes a. Using hand sanitizers instead of washing hand b. Keeping hands and clothes clean and sanitary c. Wearing attractive uniforms d. Cleaning and sanitizing food-contact surfaces 18. Cross contamination is a term used to describe the transfer of a foodborne hazard from 1 food to another: a. By a food worker’s hand b. From a cutting board c. From a knife blade d. All of the above 19. After proper cooking, all foods that are to be held hot must be held at: a. 74? C or above b. 57? C or above c. Room temperature until served d. 49? C or above 20. Food workers should wash their hands after which of the following? a. Taking out the trash b. Touching their faces c. Handling raw food d. All of the above Section B (10 marks) Answer either True/ False. 1. The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System is only used to monitor food processing in manufacturing plants. () 2. Certification of food protection managers and workers refers to screening done for health problems. () 3. The term food establishment includes any site where food is processed, prepared, sold or served. () 4. Bacteria and viruses cause most foodborne illness. () 5. One of the potentially hazardous food is cut melons. () 6. There are two types of bacteria that are spore forming and non-spore forming. () 7. Clostridium botulinum cannot cause death. () 8. E. Coli can be found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals. () 9. Prevention of cross contamination can be done by keeping raw food and ready-to-eat food together during storage. ) 10. Bacteria take 25 minutes to multiply. () Section C (20 marks) Briefly explain on each answer. 1.

Man Vs. Himself :: essays research papers

fulfillment is what people live for, without it how can a person live? A failed search for self-fulfillment often leads to death. Demonstrated in A Tale of Two Cites, Hamlet, and A Death of a Salesman, each novel includes one character that struggles to fulfill his life, which results in death. Self-fulfillment can include being loved, wealthy, happiness, remembered, respected, or even a being hero. Sadly if none of these objectives is met, the character seems to think death is the only way option. â€Å"Nothing great will ever be achieved without great men, and men are great only if they are determined to be so† as said by Charles DeGaulle, relates to each character in the three novels that they were never determined to improve their life. The first example of failed self-fulfillment resulting in death is Willy Loman’s from the novel A Death of a Salesman. Loman fails to be â€Å"well-liked† and also fails to provide for his family and decides that the only way to provide for them is to commit suicide so they can collect the insurance money. Loman spent most of his life trying to convince his family that he is the best in the business and he wants his sons, Biff and Happy to be the same. Willy tells his sons that with his success he’ll be â€Å"Bigger than Uncle Charley! Because Charley is not -- liked. He's liked, but he's not -- well liked.†(Miller, I.iii) Little do Biff and Happy know, that their father isn’t liked at all, he’s just trying to fulfill one of his goals in life, being â€Å"well-liked†. Later when Loman is fired from his job he starts to think about all the hard work he’s contributed to wanting to become successful and then concludes that, â€Å" Funny, y'know? After all the highways, and the trains, and the appointments, and the years, you end up worth more dead than alive.†(Miller, II.iv) Now Willy starts to see death as the only way to provide for his family, but he also believes that with his death, he’ll be able to prove to others that he was â€Å"well liked† because his funeral will be massive. †Oh, Ben, that's the whole beauty of it! I see it like a diamond, shining in the dark, hard and rough, that I can pick up and touch in my hand. Not like -- like an appointment! This would not be another damned-fool appointment, Ben, and it changes all the aspects.

Benefits of LED Lights Vs CFL Essay

While the most walking spaces discourse regarding energy efficiency revolves around highly visible feature like solar panel, other efficiency technologies have the potential to reduce the amount of energy consumption significantly in walking space. With organizations such as Saudi Aramco where employees walk, jog, the ride bike and other different activities, the use of energy conservation can have meaningful environmental and monetary impacts. This report aims to provide Saudi Aramco’s board useful information about new technologies for energy and cost saving by making improvements to their Golf course. This report offers a starting point for considering energy efficiency improvements in the organization’s environment. It has been projected that electricity for lighting consumes around 20% of the world’s power station’s production. Introducing energy efficient lighting to all our lighting needs will dramatically reduce the overall consumption of worldwide energy. Any small changes in our lighting use will produce substantial energy savings in the end. The high-energy use can be addressed by using cleaner energy sources, such as solar panels, and by using light sources that require less energy and produce the same levels of lighting. This report will propose an efficient lighting project to reduce the energy consumption of the lights used to illuminate the walkway around the Dhahran Golf Course. Background The Walkway around the Dhahran Golf course is approximately 5.6 kilometers long. The walkway is used daily by Saudi Aramco employees to walk, jog, bike and other different activities. Most of this walkway’s use happens at night, after working hours, meaning that it needs to be well lit for the employees use. Currently, Compact Fluorescent (CFL) light bulbs that are fixed to poles all around the walkway illuminate the sidewalk. CFL light bulbs are considered to be more efficient than traditional Incandescent Light bulbs, having a service life of approximately 8000 hours compared to a maximum 1,000 hours  for Incandescent light bulbs. This longer service life results in fewer light bulb replacements, but more efficient technologies exist. For the Dhahran Golf Course walkway efficient lighting project, the team proposed the use of three innovative energy reducing technologies. The three techniques are, Light Emitting Diodes (LED), solar panels to power the LED’s, and a special material that uses energy gathered during the day to glow in dark. A brief summary of each technology will be given to better understand its use can contribute to providing more efficient lighting for the walkway. Light Emitting Diodes (LED) LED light bulbs emit light through the use of a semiconductor that releases light energy when an electrical current is passed through it.  This way of producing light differs from CFL light bulbs, which pass energy through mercury vapor to generate UV light, which is then enthralled by a  phosphor covering inside the lamp, causing it to glow. LED light bulbs have been in existence for some time now but were very expensive compared to Incandescent and CFL light bulbs. Over the last couple of years LED light bulb prices have dropped significantly, making them a more economically viable solution, especially when considering their very long service times. The table below details the differences between CFL and LED light bulbs. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Compact Fluorescents (CFLs) Life Span (average)   50,000 hours 8,000 hours Watts of electricity used   6 – 8 watts 13-15 watts (Equivalent to 60 watt bulb).   Annual Operating Cost  Ã‚  Ã‚   $32.85/year $76.65/year Contains the TOXIC Mercury   NO. Yes-Mercury is highly toxic to your health and environment Carbon Dioxide Emissions 451 pounds/year 1051 pounds/year Sensitivity to low temperatures None Yes  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ may not work under-23  ºC or over 49  ºC Sensitive to humidity No Yes On/off Cycling  (Switching on/off quickly) No Effect Yes  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ can reduce the lifespan drastically Turns on instantly Sure No  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ takes time to warm up Stability Highly Stable  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ LEDs can handle jarring and bumping Not highly stable  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ glass can break easily Heath Emitted 3.4 btu’s/hour 30 btu’s/hour Failure Modes   Not typical Yes. May catch fire As depicted from the above table using LEDs for lighting make both economic and environmental sense. Solar panels Solar panels are used to produce energy by converting sunlight directly into electricity. The electricity generated by solar panels is stored in batteries for later use. Just like LEDs, the costs of solar panels the past several years have been dropping, making them more economical. They have also become more efficient in converting a higher percentage of the light captured into electricity. Glow in the Dark Paint/Stones Consists of a luminescent material and synthetic resins that get excited by being exposed to daylight or a light source giving it an afterglow that initially is very radiant, then slowly dissipates as time passes by. This material provides a soft glowing light that only needs the sunlight during the day for it to produce light at night. This material can provide 10 hours of burning when exposed to only 2 hours of daily sunshine with a Luminescence Life of up to 20 years. Methodology First the team obtained data set from the Saudi Aramco accounting department which contained a listing of cost energy spent. The data set also provided estimated energy use in lighting in Saudi Aramco. From here, the team was able to filter the data only for lighting around the Dhahran Golf course. With this data set, the group generated summary statistic to find distribution for energy consumption (mmBTUs). The purpose of defining statistical use was to estimate energy consumption for the Golf course as well as understanding the range of the golf course. Next, the team then evaluated different technologies to gain energy saving potential. An early obstacle the team faced was how to estimate the impact of each technology on various places in the Golf course. To find a solution for this issue, the team conducted case studies and independent research to evaluate the other technologies. The team performed a systematic analysis of each of the techniques named above. Each technology was eluted based on: cost estimate for the project, difficulty of installation, a percentage expected efficiency gains, estimated payback periods and consistency of paybacks. Results The figure that follows represents the consumption of energy (from 2013). Discussion A case study analysis of the literatures suggested that the combination of all the technologies had a greater benefit-cost ratio than one and net present values hence indicating the benefits of energy saving brought by the technique. To prevent the high rise of energy consumption as suggested by the figure above, ultrasonic and infrared technology would be of greater benefit. These methods detect sound, heat, and motion, hence more efficient in spaces where people move more efficient. A more inventive technology such as this would increase the energy saving potential, but also may be unattractive to administration who have less control as to when the lights turn off in particular spaces. Despite their advantages, they remain much more costly to purchase than alternative lighting types. Inspiration This proposed design was first constructed by Daan Roosegaarde, a scene night painter, who developed a bycle path in Nueener, East of Eindhoven forming a part of the Van gogh cycle through Noord-Brabant in Netherlands. According to Roosegaarde, this proposed technology is â€Å"more gentle to the eye and surrounding environment† compared to other existing technologies (De zeen magazine, 2014, par 4). Recommendation and plan of action The solution I am proposing is a combination of the three technologies explained, LED lighting, Solar panels, and glow in the dark materials. First all the CFL lighting should be removed. CFL bulbs have a much shorter service life and have higher energy requirements. Due to the long-life and very low energy use, LED lights will be used instead. The LED lights will be powered by the proposed solar panels, making the solution self-reliant with no need to connect to the electrical power grid. In addition to the LED lights, the glowing material/paint that is placed on the walkway itself, will utilize the sunlight during the day to provide a glowing light at nighttime. With this combined solution, we will realize the following benefits: Lower energy cost (no need to connect to the electrical grid) Environmentally friendly solution Self-reliant, all power is from the sunlight Eliminate the need for CFL that contain hazardous mercury Lower maintenance cost: Less frequent bulb replacement, due to LED long service life and durability. Energy efficiency avails an incredible opportunity for positive local, national and international impact. While organizations save money, the organization strain on the electrical system is relaxed, hence lowering of the global pollutant emission. Whatever the motivation, energy efficiency should be viewed as an opportunity to upgrade organizations. Saudi Aramco is encouraged to use this report as a supplemental resource in their decision process. After reading through the report, Saudi Aramco is heartening to learn further details about energy efficiency technologies of their interest. Reference Benefits of LED Lights Vs CFLs retrieved from: http://lifx.co/lighting101/advantages/led-vs-cfl/Comparison Chart: LED Lights vs. Incandescent Light Bulbs vs. CFLs. Retrieved from: http://www.designrecycleinc.com/led%20comp%20chart.htmlDe zeen magazine (2014). Daan Roosegaarde’s glowing Van gogh cycle path to open in the Netherlands. Retrieved from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/11/12/daan-roosegaarde-van-gogh-bicycle-path-glowing-patterns-nuenen-netherlands/Pacific lamp Wholesale. Retrieved from: http://paclamp.com/news/light-bulb-moment-how-lighting-became-efficient-over-yearsPath V. G. Glowing lines Smart Highway. Retrieved from: https://www.studioroosegaarde.net/project/van-gogh-path/The History of the Light Bulb: http://energy.gov/articles/history-light-bulb Source document

Retail and auto sales Essay

In terms of the GDP, most of the analysis that goes towards decline is negative, and rise is positive. In some cases, though, a rise is actually negative, such as the fact that a rise in inflation is negative, or a rise in the price of oil is negative, while a rise in the GDP or personal income could be seen as more positive. It is important to understand these basics before an analysis of the indicators can really proceed. If a person does not understand the basics of economic indicators, they are not going to be able to take their knowledge and do anything with it. They will be left with a certificate of knowledge, with no personal knowledge to back it up. The most recent figure of a . 06 GDP represents weakness. Unemployment As the above statistic shows, an overall determination of the status of the current US economy is complicated by issues of declining employment as well, particularly in banking sectors. There are definite signs of a slowdown in some areas, but there are other areas that are more optimistic. Many people see room for optimism within this objectively, while others are more pessimistic or cynical about the future and say that things will have to be worse before they can be better. Actions of the Federal Reserve have helped to shore up some elements of the economy, but underlying problems do remain. As one source notes, â€Å"The Fed has quelled the panic that prevailed in the financial markets until recently. But it still has to nurse an economy weighted down by massive bad debts. That is likely to require a period of easier money†¦ with banks hoarding, consumer confidence in the pits, and housing still in freefall, it may be too early for optimism† (Coy, 2008). Still another source notes that while some elements of the economy may actually benefit from the current situation in terms of job creation, the mass majority of indicators shows a situation in which there are problematic dimensions of unemployment and layoffs such as the ones in the auto industry recently: â€Å"As long as the largest asset on household and bank balance sheets continues to deflate, the credit and consumption hits will keep coming. The worst is not over†¦ commodity prices and gold will go up. The loser? Oh, pretty much the rest of us† (Up, 2008). Of course, this is just one subjective opinion, that seems to be somewhat slanted towards an over-valuation of the housing market’s impact. Retail and auto sales Retail and auto sales have fallen with a fall in consumer confidence, and major US automakers have asked for part of the bailout that is now being sunk into the banking sector. â€Å"Aside from questions about the wisdom of government intervention or putting taxpayer money at risk, bailing out Detroit could put Washington in the position of subsidizing job losses† (Auto, 2008). On the other hand, some argue that a bailout is needed to help this industry. Consumers are spending less on retail than expected, but are still spending. In terms of auto sales, â€Å"The car makers have at least 10 assembly plants more than they need to meet demand, according to Oliver Wyman Consulting. That translates to roughly 30,000 factory jobs plus significant numbers of engineers and other salaried personnel. GM estimates it needs to slash its salaried-employee costs in North America by 30%. † (Auto, 2008). Too many variables can change in the external environment for most prognostications about the future of the US economy to be taken totally literally. What people who do propose to predict the future do, however, is to take the past and present indicators such as those in the auto industry and retail, into account and determine the likelihood of certain scenarios, based on confirmation from past facts and patterns that have held true throughout economic history. In this manner, those who look to the future can say something like, the economy will recover in a certain amount of time, or will fall again, based on many examples of this happening in the past. In the same way, people look to the past of economic improvements and adjustments to see the future economically. Bank and mortgage failures In terms of bank failures, a major factor was the swaps against sub-prime mortgages that pushed the otherwise profitable company to the brink of bankruptcy. As the mortgages ties to the swaps defaulted, companies that have since been bailed out such as giants of the banking industry like Washington Mutual and insurance industry like AIG were forced to raise millions in capital. â€Å"As stockholders got wind of the situation, they sold their shares, making it even more difficult for these companies and banks to cover the swaps. AIG could has more than enough assets to cover the swaps, but couldn’t sell them before the swaps came due† (A profile, 2008). This has led the government to install a bailout in terms of loans to banks and other companies that have put further stress on the global economy. In return, the government often becomes a partial holder or owner of the company, getting such perks as â€Å"veto power over all important decisions, including asset sales and payment of dividends† (A profile, 2008). The original plan to dissolve one company affected by the bailout, AIG, and sell it piecemeal should be revived as soon as the economy will permit. â€Å"The plan was for the Fed to break up AIG and sell off the pieces to repay the loan. However, the stock market plunge in October made that impossible, as potential buyers needed any excess cash for their own balance sheets. Therefore, the Treasury Department will instead purchase $40 billion in preferred shares from its Capital Repurchase Plan† (Profile, 2008). It is the overall conclusion of this report that the economy is currently experiencing a crisis that is, at the current writing, on the very inside edge of a recession, and that since 2007, the government has made efforts to curb the crisis by first raising and then lowering interest rates, and then setting up a semi-nationalized banking system and the so called bailout fund which helped many companies stay alive. Stock market The stock market has always risen and fallen with various demand curves. The demand the consumer had in terms of the demand curve then outdistanced the supply, because of many factors in the external environment. There is also the issue of banks and credit, which affects many consumers directly. â€Å"The Fed’s latest survey of bank loan officers found a further marked tightening of credit, both in terms of charges and more stringent requirements for borrowers. Some 70% of banks had tightened standards for residential mortgages† (Forsyth, 2008). Many banks have also lowered interest garnered in savings and money market accounts. And of course, there is also the issue of Iraq, which is also a political issue. Currently, all of these issues are affecting the stock market. At the present time of writing, the stock market has posted modest gains for the day, after a brief rally and then a fall in the early week. The chart shown below illustrates the state of the stock market at the current writing, and can be interpreted as such in viewing. Consumer confidence Another important theme and issue that affects particularly economic factors in the present is the confidence of the consumer. The future is never set in stone, but present demographic indicators can give commentators some idea of what is going to happen in terms of fiscal policy. GDP refers to Gross Domestic Product, which has slowed down somewhat but is still up in the first quarter. CPI refers to Consumer Price Index, about with the Federal Reserve is involved in terms of predictions about inflation because of interest rates. PPI refers to production price index, and is going up. In terms of how the economy is doing generally regarding some of these indicators, as one source states, â€Å"Consumer spending on goods plunged 2. 6%, but outlays for housing, medical care and other services rose†¦ heading into the second quarter, while overall April payrolls shrunk by 20,000 jobs, services added 90,000†¦ services make up almost 60% of the Gross Domestic Product† (Cooper, 2008). In other words, while some of the indicators are up, others are down, showing a volatile economy in general. REFERENCE Cooper, J (2008). Services: Heavyweight in a hard fight. Businessweek. Coy, P (2008). The Fed may have more cutting to do. Businessweek. Forsyth, R (2008). Corporates boom, tanks tighten. Barron’s. Auto makers force bailout issues (2008). Wall Street Journal. Profile of AIG (2008). http://useconomy. about. com/od/businesses/p/AIG. htm

Does Messy Handwriting Hurt Your ACT Writing Score

Does Messy Handwriting Hurt Your ACT Writing Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you have messy handwriting? If so, trust me, you’re not alone. Given only 40 minutes to plan and write an essay, most students end up with at least slightly sloppy handwriting. How does bad handwriting affect your ACT Writing score? Can you end up with a lower score? Can you end up with a score of zero? I’ve got the answers to these questions along with more ACT Writing advice. Will You Get a Score of Zero for Messy Handwriting? Bottom line, you can, but it has to be extremely messy.I’ve tutored many students with handwriting I could barely read who did fine on the essay.Many of my PrepScholar colleagues had the same experience with their students. However, the official ACT policy says that an essay will receive a zero if the essay is left â€Å"blank, off-topic, illegible, not in English or void.† The reality is that all of your handwriting needs to be considered illegible and for you to receive a score of zero.Is your handwriting so terrible that you pick up a letter or essay you wrote a few months ago and cannot read a single word?For the majority of people, the answer is no.If your handwriting is sloppy but interpretable, you will not receive a score of zero. If your handwriting is completely illegible, you could get a zero, but also, not being able to make out a sentence or word here and there could hurt you as well. Don't lose points! Will You Be Penalized At All for Messy Handwriting? You might.The ACT Writing rubric mentions errors that impede or do not impede understanding.Errors that impede understanding will reduce your score; errors that do not impede understanding will not affect your score.For an in-depth explanation, check out our breakdown of the ACT Writing rubric. If your messy handwriting impedes on the reader’s ability to understand your essay, then you will likely have your score reduced.For example, let’s say your handwriting was illegible for one sentence, but that one sentence described a critical example that supported your thesis. Imagine that one sentence was crucial to building your argument.If the reader couldn’t understand a single word of it (even if a few words were legible but the reader couldn’t make sense of the sentence), then your score would likely be affected since the error would impede the reader’s ability to understand your essay. If your messy handwriting doesn’t impede on the reader’s ability to understand your essay, then your score won’t be affected.For example, if you’re sloppy, and your e’s can sometimes look like o’s and vice versa, then your score likely won’t be affected as a reader will likely be able to tell what you are trying to say. How To Improve Your Handwriting To make sure you aren’t penalized for your handwriting, you should try to improve your messy handwriting. Write Slower The easiest way to improve your writing is to simply write slower and make sure you make every letter legible.I find handwriting is usually illegible because students are trying to write way too fast. But, Dora, how do I write slower if I only have 40 minutes?That is true.40 minutes is not a lot of time, but you’ll get better at making the most of this time and pacing yourself to write a legible essay with practice. I’d suggest you take as many practice tests as you need to until you’ve mastered the pacing while keeping your handwriting legible.The amount of practice tests this will take will vary from person to person, but I’d say it takes 3-4 practice essays to adjust to the pacing and get your handwriting looking tidy.If you want an in-depth guide to pacing your essay, read our full step-by-step guide to writing your ACT essay. Messy handwriting can be fixed! ChangeYour Grip and Pressure If you still find your handwriting illegible after slowing down and practicing your pacing, you may need to try changing up your grip on the pencil and/or switching up the pressure you put on the page.Too tight a grip or too much pressure on the pencil can make it hard to maneuver. Try loosening your grip and lowering the pressure on the pencil.This should allow your to maneuver the pencil more finely to create more legible letters. Also, make sure to grip the pencil closer to the point, farther from the eraser.The closer you are to the eraser, the harder it will be to have fine control over the movement of the pencil.You can test this out and see the difference in writing a word with your hand holding the end of the pencil near the eraser versus the end closer to the tip.I bet the latter is a lot more legible. Handwriting and Disability: What Are Your Options? Do you or your child have a disability that leads to messy handwriting?If so, you can request to take the ACT Writing section with special accommodations such as a computer or transcriber.Make sure you get the help if you need it! Read more about ACT accommodations, including information on the type of accommodations available and how to apply, in our other guide. Summary You'll only get a zero for messy handwriting if your entire essay is illegible. You can still be penalized if only part of your essay is illegible. If the illegible words impede on the reader's understanding of your argument, then your score will likely be reduced. Try to improve your handwriting by slowing down, loosening your grip, and lowering your pressure on the pencil. What’s Next? Worried about how essay length affects your writing score? Learn more in our full guide.Don't forget to check out our full analysis of the ACT Writing Rubric, with strategies and explanations that can guide you in your essay planning! Stressed about how to write a great ACT essay? Check out our step by step guide to writing a top-scoring ACT essay. Looking for additional ACT study help? Read our ultimate Reading, English, Math and Science guides. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this ACT Writing lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get your ACT essays hand-graded by a master instructor who will give you customized feedback on how you can improve. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Principle of Retribution for International Crimes Essay

Principle of Retribution for International Crimes - Essay Example h. Without a coherent philosophical theory of criminal punishment to justify international criminal justice, the mere authority or "permission" to apply a set of norms to international criminals remains vacuous. If such trials cannot provide substantive justice in a philosophically meaningful sense, they are more deeply flawed than any procedural objection would reveal. (John, 2001) The idea that all criminals should be punished for their illicit deeds, regardless of their political position, is at the heart of the modern international criminal law regime. The former argues that the benefits, over either the short or long run, of punishing people such as Goring or Saddam Hussein in a legal forum justify such trials. Such thinkers point to the usual battery of utilitarian arguments for punishment: deterring future crimes, establishing a historical record of the criminal acts, reforming lawbreakers, providing a sense of closure to their victims, and so forth The other, more abstract view declares that justice itself demands that these people be punished independent of any harmful or beneficial consequences that may arise from their trial. For retributivists, other benefits of punishment, though desirable in themselves, are morally insignificant. It is the latter view that is the only valid justification for trying the unique sorts of crimes that the international courts have been designed to handle. (Larry, 2005) Arnaud does not argue for the philosophical soundness of retributivism as such, nor he defendes the philosophical legitimacy of war-crimes trials in general. Specifically, he stated that one cannot make sense out of the intuitions, values, and beliefs that stand behind the current movement toward international criminal trials and war-crimes trials (or their shared ideology, if you will (Arnaud 2004, 1) unless one understands it to be rooted in a retributivist theory of punishment. While the term "ideology" is a loaded one, it nonetheless captures the point: the ideology standing behind modern international criminal law and the laws of war displays a noted bias in favor of the retributivist principles articulated by Kant (among others). Ultimately, war-crimes trials do not provide the greatest happiness for the greatest number. (Christopher 2002, 43-61) Despite some important philosophical differences among individual thinkers, retributivists share some common central beliefs. For these thinkers, the rationale for punishment is "metaphysical" in character in the sense that it is rooted in abstract principles of justice and right. Justice is the independent, nonmaterial motivation for punishment, and it serves as the sole determining ground for punishment. Punishment by a court (poena forensis) ... can never be inflicted merely as a

STRUCTURAL DESIGN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

STRUCTURAL DESIGN - Essay Example Proper engineering design is required for all structural work as inferior designs have resulted to many catastrophic accidents such as the collapse of buildings, bridges underground tunnels, roofs and other structures. These collapse lead to heavy loses in terms of materials, finances and loss of lives. It is therefore important to consider all aspects of a building especially in terms of applied loads so as to design a sufficient structure to resist these forces. There are many design consideration that must be taken into account when designing the structural details of any building. After the structural design, the buildings are then constructed. There are many types of materials that are used in the building construction industry. Some of the most common construction material includes wood, steel/iron, masonry and concrete. Plastics are now gaining importance in building and construction especially for interiors design or supporting at points where minimum load resistance is required. The foundation: this structural element supports the whole building. It carries the whole load of the building and distributes the stress to soil or rock layer beneath it. The foundation must be well constructed in order to aid in support of whole structure. Most of the foundation elements are made using reinforced concrete, metal or Masonry. Concrete is highly preferred due to it durability and ability to withstand heavy compressive forces. The type of foundation is greatly determined by type of soil, the size of the building, ground water present and other special design considerations. Some of the common types of foundations include; Different foundations have got different footings. The type, size and materials used for construction of the footing depend upon the type of soil and the load bearing capacity of that soil. The main types of footing commonly used include; The main structural elements used for most of the floors are

Business Economies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Economies - Essay Example 2. Differentiation. 3. Focus. An analysis of both Production and Cost theory of a product is vital. So agricultural and food marketing is taken as an example of this. Agricultural product is occupying a major role in food marketing management. Raw material, land, labor, capital and other factors are required for undertaking production. Consider the example, manufacturer of the product who developed an improved marketing plan. Company profit objectives were tied to exploiting volume markets through mass marketing. Product development policy covers compatibility, market potential and financial objectives. Three types of innovation is important for food manufacturers.1. new marketing methods and techniques to increase the operational efficiency, 2. new products or services to add more value to its products, 3.new business organization,ie cooperative food processor, joint ventures between firms or marketing channels. Concentration should be given to the product by reducing the volume of production and the product sh ould be stored and transported; and an adequate reduction in the marketing cost. As an analytical tool, the growth share matrix has the advantage of being simple and quantifiable in nature. Production is dependent on technology, mixture of factors of production and price as well as the marginal productivity. â€Å"In economics, an effort to explain the principles by which a business firm decides how much of each commodity that it sells (its â€Å"outputs† or â€Å"products†) it will produce, and how much of each kind of labor, raw material, fixed capital good, etc., that it employs (its â€Å"inputs† or â€Å"factors of Production†) it will use. The theory involves some of the most fundamental principles of economics.† (Theory of Production, 2007). Production means conversion of inputs in to outputs. Mainly there are three aspects to the production process- Many factors may contribute to the failure of a new product, but the main cause

African Studies & Feminism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

African Studies & Feminism - Term Paper Example Van Allen’s analysis (1972) makes the important point that Colonialism caused a tremendous amount of loss to Igbo women. This challenges the common view that Colonialism was a good thing, and that it saved women from all kinds of barbarous practices. This reason is the transfer of sexist and discriminatory attitudes from the colonial powers to African society such as the view that â€Å"politics was a man’s concern† (Van Allen, 1972, p.165-166). Finally, this article clearly demonstrates that a sophisticated village-by-village system of government had operated very successfully before the colonial powers arrived, and that it was elimination of the village assembly, in which all villagers had the right to speak, that did the most damage to the position of Igbo women in their society. The voice of women in village affairs was silenced and they were thus prevented from participating in decisions that affected their lives and the lives of their families. This article shows the harm that was done by Colonialism, in the name of progress, and identifies the source of the modern day oppression of Igbo women as being the Colonial powers, and not local ideas and customs, The report by O’Barr et al. captures the enthusiasm and the main resolutions of a massive meeting of 14,000 women called to mark the end of the United Nations Decade for Women.A key outcome was the realization that the enormous differences that exist between the experiences of women in very different countries are likely to continue on into the future, and the meeting resolved to ensure that these differences would â€Å"generate a creative strength, not draining weakness, in the effort to implement a women’s agenda nationally and internationally† ... The diversity of voices is a deliberate tactic to illustrate a second important finding: there will not be a one-size-fits-all solution to problems that affect women world-wide. Themes such as divorce, aging, widowhood and non-marriage show considerable convergence between Third World and Western women’s experiences, but some areas such as poverty and exclusion from education and healthcare are highlighted as being very different, depending on location (O’Barr et al. 1986, p. 592). A third important contribution in this article is the factor of race, and it was noted that women of African descent in particular had to deal with the issue of racial privilege, most usually accorded to white women, and in some countries this was compounded by issues like ethnic and gender segregation imposed by the state in question. Although this article is not formed into a smooth and logical argument, like the Van Allen (1972) article it nevertheless makes a powerful statement through it s multifaceted approach, giving a full range of information from many perspectives. It shows that women in the world face many different challenges, and that efforts to tackle them will need to be varied and flexible, in order to adapt to each situation. Above all, the coming together of leading women in great numbers gives a tremendous boost to those involved, and it creates a momentum for political change that ripples across the globe. The most striking feature of Amina Mama’s article on Gender Studies for Africa’s Transformation (2003) is that it represents a new generation’s perspective. It builds on the work of papers such as the two mentioned above, and reports on scholarly work and teaching conducted by African women and for African

Globalisation In Relation To The International Relations

Globalisation In Relation To The International Relations The origin of the globalization can be looked after the end of the cold war, when nationalism re-emerged as a challenge to world order. Many countries had been disintegrated as a result of ethnic religious conflicts, which have been interpreted as a clash of different types of nationalism. The former Soviet Union Yugoslavia are two such examples. Even the situation in the Balkans is often looked upon as an example of national disintegration. Some have cited nationalism religion as two important factors that have disrupted the Balkans, but others have attributed it as one of the major culprit of globalisation. Apparently, the roles that these two forces play the impact of globalization on the countries differ. A comparative study was initiated to find the answers to questions raised. There has been no general definitions of both nationalism globalization as they are interpreted in accordance with the concept theory used. Globalization means as a process of globalizing but it is used here to refer as the following : the intensification of worldwide relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring miles away and vice-versa by Anthony Giddens. However, there is no doubt that both western Asian nations have faced the challenges of globalization in recent decades, and they have become more intense since the 1990s. the decline of communism and socialism as ideologies, the decreasing importance of national boundaries for capital, companies, and even labour, have had profound implications for national identity. Nevertheless, the impact of globalization on the states is not seemed to be similar.It has been greater on some compared to others. what has been the effects? Did it lead to stronger nationalism or national disintegration? What happened to national identity? Is the concept of nation still relevant in the era of globalization? Based on the above raised questions. There were few nations selected to be surveyed on the basis of there homogeneity, multi-ethnic, immigrant nationhood. Globalistion are neither willful, external, nor the result of bad management, but are produced by them are seemed to be very essential within them. THE DIVERGENCE OF GLOBALIZATION:- The main concern is set upon the problem of globalization which stems from globalization itself: it can be said in a word as, unsustainable. The most basic reason for not getting well into it is that it simply does not work. this does not mean it is an empty concept, simply that it is not going where everyone thinks it is. And perhaps at root of the problems of globalization, is that it is making the world more unequal. Here is the example taken of Kagarlitsky as he puts it simply, it is a myth that free markets lead to homogenization. Infact they lead to polarization between social classes, between countries, between regions. There is prima facie, as in a contradiction in the idea that globalization has no limits, the fact that it is polarizing the world. What unites the very disparate movement against globalization, as so far has been seen, that freedom without equality is an utter nonsense or can be said to be as un imaginable . Not just because it is wrong, but because it is impossible. It is hard to see how any social process that mercilessly segregates the poor from the rich without limit san sustain itself as an integrated totality. The problem is not just that globalization is in a sense of state at war with some alien tendencies towards isolation as some writers express it, but it does produces up some isolated parts as it develops, as a part of its contradictory essence, setting up an organic internal limit . There is a close relation between territorial inequality and political instability, both in space and in time. Looking at a map of the world today, there is an almost one-to-one correlation between those regions in which territorial extremes are sharpest- beginning with the middle-east itself. The nemesis of globalization and the stable emergence of its self destruction from within those in which military and civil conflicts are the most endemic liberal democracy the most remote.the globalization process itself generated the instabilities at every level i.e., social, regional, geopolitical, military, commercial, financial- which rendered global governance impossible. THE THIRD WORLD BOURGEOISIE :- Globalization is a long-standing almost inevitable result of deep-rooted historical technical processes- the compression of space time, the information revolution, the worldwide organization of production, the formation of the world market- which may be muted modified, but which can be stopped, in effect by throwing history into reverse. Only one post modern world, it seems, is possible. indeed, if calling a halt to globalization could lead anywhere, it would seem to vitiate most of the globalists on arguments. The only way therefore is to act on the assumption that globalization is inevitable, with or without reservations, try to direct it into something much better, perhaps offsetting its most fierce and harsh social defects with third way policies and poverty-eradication programmes. The evidences based on the present terms and conditions, globalization is concerned to be injurious to health. Question comes on my mind, why have so many third world governments gone along with it? The ideology of the globalisers has played a role. Academic globalization theory also bears a measure of responsibility for unleashing, de facto, a determined and unilateral account of world development offering few alternative choices for third world nations except to become a mere dumb and make the best use of whatever they are being given. Nevertheless, with the collapse of the soviet union, many protective mechanisms previously available to third world countries vanished within, and to this they had no choice and stood alone and exposed themselves both to the world market the political offensive of the globalisers. Thus there is an underlying basis for the globalist argument the alternatives were always present there, but they involved hard choices and exposed the country concerned to great risks, both internal external. However, the globalization argument has always lacked somewhat in the specific historical events and evidences. The dilemma facing by the third world countries was eternal. If, as we can believe, a new historical situation is going to be emerging, then although the challenges can or may be harsh- probably even harsher than before- the range of options is also be far wider. The second factor is that there is strong, evidence that a transnational bourgeoisie of some kind has real significant existence, regardless of the framework in which one chooses to analyze it. As in example of the theorists of the 1970s used to describe that the capitalists who accepted the subordination of their own country to foreign economic domination, could no longer were adequately capture the status of a new third world layer integrated into world capitalism directly through the circuits of financial capital. Globalization has fostered, and rapidly enriched, a corrupting groups of minorities that populated the political elites of most third world countries, had elevated itself into prospering independent of the fate of its country of origin. GLOBALISATION AND NEW WORLD ORDER: After the international movement against neoliberal globalization took place, the powerful protests against the war on Iraq all over the world did once again reminded everyone that historical development is not simply the product of the schemes devised by the dominant forces of society, but the outcome of a struggle of contending forces, among which working people the oppressed masses are a power to be reckoned with. In order to create an alternative to the above perspective, what was to be needed was a serious analysis of the underlying forces for the strategy of the new world order, announced with great fanfare in 1990, on the eve of the first gulf war, by George bush senior. This concept was too often been dismissed or on the left on the pretext that it is hardly anything more than a new world disorder. This was later conceived by US imperialism as the ultimate destination to be reached through a series of violent upheavals in the existing world order. Hence, the disorder that is time, again denounced is infact the path that the world has to travel in order to reach that ultimate destination. It is, in other words, order through disorder by its very nature. Thus the NWO was, infact, can be termed to be as a dialectical unity in the true sense of the term: the, old order had been nullified violently so that the new order may be established as a synthesis of order disorder. Pure denunciation or condemning also made it more difficult to analyze the methods and modalities through which the new order aspired to being built. It can be stated that US imperialism has been seeking world hegemony will not be able to do. We have to hold on to grip with the mechanisms modalities through which it is doing so. In its turn, NWO cannot be understood in isolation but only as the political superstructure of the economic strategy of globalisation. GLOBALISATION: THE UNRESTRICTED CIRCULATION OF CAPITAL The use of the term globalization to characterize it in the integration of the world economy immediately confronts theory with the task of defining what is new in capitalism and which structural characteristics of the older capitalism still hold sway. For globalization is but one element in that series of theoretical concepts such as post fordism, post modernism, the information society etc. that form the basis of the overall claim that the nature of society the economy have undergone such complete transformation that all conceptual frameworks hitherto utilized to understand the world have now become wholly inadequate for the task. The advances in the internationalization of capital and the integration of the world economy in the recent period have been codified within the framework of the bourgeois liberal theory of globalization whose assumptions and conclusions were later adopted unquestioningly by many on the left ( most notably by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri is their much acclaimed empire). Globalisation theory has become so influential that it is now common sense, so to speak, for the thinkers and so on, its major ideas are being circulated in the popular media in the form of incontrovertible dogma or accepted without any objection. The core of this theory can be summed up in four major propositions: globalization is the direct product of the recent wave of technological process, that is of the new informations and communication technologies. globalization is an inevitable and irreversible process; the new integration of the world economy has rendered the nation state obsolete as a historical category or in more restrained versions of the theory, paved the ground for this; It has opened up a new stage in the historical development of capitalism distinct from the imperialist stage. None of these propositions can withstand the test of a confrontation with the facts of present-day world capitalism As much is admitted by the advocates of globalization theory itself when they advise governments to harmonize their economic policies with the requirements of the global economy in order to be able to attract foreign capital, which is but a roundabout way of admitting the specificity of national economies and the difference national economic policy can make. The final claim that the imperialist stage has been transcended thanks to globalization is perhaps the most insulting of all to the collective intelligence of the masses when consider in the light of the crystal clear fact that inequality between nations has, if anything, greatly increased within the last several decades thanks to the functioning of the system of globalization. Neither does this claim hold water at the theoretical level. All the characteristics of imperialism depicted by the classical Marxist theory of imperialism, developed by Hilferding, Bukharin and Lenin, with significant contributions by Luxemberg and Trotsky, are truer today than when formulated at he beginning of last century. At the stage we have reached, we feel entitled to stage clearly that the specific thesis of bourgeois liberal globalization theory are mere fancies and that the imperialist nature of capitalism has hardly changed at all. It is now time to turn to the new reality, of which globalization theory is but a symptom and a refracted image. However important it is to lay bare the social force behind globalization and neoliberlism, a vulgar (i.e. non-marxist) understanding of the category capital may still lead to a kind of a conception where the adoption of the new strategy of globalization can be seen, in pure functionalist tradition, as the adaptation of the superstructure of economic policy to the shift of the fundamental structures of world capitalism. The very essential fact that the adoption of the neoliberal cum globalization strategy is in effect a class assault by the international proletariat and the working masses at large. Globalization is the strategy that aims to pit national sections of the international working class against each other. Globalization is the drive initiated by the international bourgeoisie to create a race to the bottom by re-establishing the full force of competition between countries and their working classes and masses. It is, then, true that globalization is an attack on the nation state, but only from a certain angle, Globalization tries to dismantle every aspects of the existing nation state that, over a certain period, had come to act as a bumper mechanism to tame the wild forces of market competition and create a defence for the working class and the masses at large. But globalization exercises, and can only exercise this impact on nation states with the active consent and participation of ruling classes of each state in question, even in those countries dominated by imperialism. For this kind of change acts not only in favour of the bourgeoisie of the imperialist countries, it also changes the domestic balance of forces within the dominated country in favor of the ruling classes at the expense of the working masses. Imperialist super-exploitation is concomitantly reinforced. The picture of globalization that emerges the fact that all so-called nation-states actively pursue policies that favour the capitalist class, both international and domestic. It is here that one can discover the real ideological function of the theory and ideology of globalization by declaring general, completed and irreversible a process that is only partial and only at its initial stages, globalization theory and ideology act disarm the great masses of working people and dissuade them from entering into struggle against what is in fact of matter a capitalist assault on their position. This, though is not the only factor that works to weaken the mass struggle against globalization and neoliberalism in general. GLOBALIZATION: GRASPED BY PROVOKATION :- With the near completion of the decolonization process which resulted in the birth of a host of afro-asian states in the 1960s, it was generally assumed that nationalism had passed its heyday. But the end of colonialism and the gradual emergence of an interdependent world seemed to suggest that the age of nationalism was well and truly over. Sovereign states were thus seen to be fighting a rearguard action as boundaries became porous and penetrable by unconventional intruders. But the events associated with the end of the cold-war, particularly the break-up of the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, have belied such claims. Increasingly, nationalist demands have been surfacing both in the developing and the developed countries. The cases of individual nation-states while being important must, however, be located within the broader context of the contemporary international order, the defining feature of which is globalization.it would appear that the world we live in at present is confronted by the contradictory pulls of nationalism and globalism. The essence of globalization being a closer integration of states and societies, overriding the particularist identities of people and nations, it should in theory stand opposed to nationalist urges. But it is argued that the very forces of invasive globalization has unleashed an extremely strong backlash in the form of resurgent nationalism with assertion of freedom in all sphere. What distinguishes people from one another rather than what unites them in finding new emphasis in many societies. The communication and the information revolution are highly appreciated for their association with globalization which has created a heightened awareness regarding particular issues and dealings among some nationalities, culminating in their demands for a separate nation-state. Thus reinforcing the disintegrative tendency within multi-ethnic states. Therefore, in this sense globalization has began its hastening the disintegration process in some states. Many multi-ethnic states in the communist blocs that had failed to satisfy the aspirations of the minorities began to be perceived as being captivated from which dissatisfied groups longed to escape. The global electronic revolution greatly facilitated such yearnings. The transmission of news and views across state boundaries not only tended to help in sensitizing the viewing public about their identities but also spurred them to act to realize their dreams for a national homeland. It was not surprising therefore to witness the emergence of several new states in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. Globalization has also resulted in unification of divided countries like Germany and Yemen. This should be clear to any observer that the dynamics between globalization nationalism is a complex an overwhelming one. For many states, globalization is like the proverbial tiger which they are forced to ride but do not quite know when or how to get off. While they may react against its corrosive influence on their societies, they would be the last to deny themselves its benefits. It is this dilemma which haunts the policy-makers in many states who want to reconcile the influenceof western culture propagated through mass-media with the values of their traditional culture. Similarly, they see the benefits of integrating their economies with the global economies with the global economy but also become irritated by the idea of being dictated to by the outsiders. Thus, this aspect of globalization has set in motion a strong nationalist reaction in many countries. The globalization of production and finance undercuts national economic planning, eroding state sovereignty and the political identities it presupposes. In short, identities which were conventionally grounded in their particular state territoriality are are losing ground to a politics or new, or even non space. Empirically, the new times we live in are marked by dynamics of fragmentation, pluralism, decentralization, flexibilisation, and even globalization. In this sense, their theorizing is relatively more grounded and relevant to daily practice, even when it emerges from post modernist orientations. The feminists as well add to andgo beyond no-feminist perspectives by including womens lives, experiences and ways of knowing in the construction of knowledge claims. They demonstrate how masculinist constructions of subjects and subjectivity are disembodied and disembedded. The neglecting of history and presumption of territoriality have led to impoverished international relations theory, representing it as particularly inadequate in the context of globalization. Ignoring history has also led to a great loss or worsen the tendency towards static and reductionist understanding as many critics also have observed, that the prevailing theories deal poorly with change and simply deny the basic fundamental transformations. On the other hand, the raising of politics over economics has prevented the sophisticated and critical analysis of market dynamics. In the absence of such analysis, the globalization of capital has cleverly avoided our understanding: we rely too much on liberal-capitalist orthodoxies, we know too little about unstable and unregulated financial markets and non territorial power and we lack any kind of believable alternatives to a model which are ultimately self-destructive. Globalization: the scenario of global politics after the cold war The picture of the world is being viewed very differently than what it had been before the cold war. Where the capital is increasingly been moving, the labour is often not. The discourses of globalization and the focus on European transformations after the cold war often ignore the emergence of what critics are sometimes now calling global apartheid. Any issue or agenda for the critical study of world politics in the era of globalization must take into account the lives of the poorest people if it is to be appropriately comprehensive. Globalization has highly uneven geographies, despite the implicit assumptions of homogenization in most uses of the term. Given the inextricability of theory and practice, much is at stake in the formulation of knowledge about globalization. Consciousness does not singly and wholly create the social world, but it does play a significant role in the making of history. Orthodox (i.e., conservative and liberal) paradigms have the effect of containing the concept of globalization and by extension, the forces for structural disruption and transformation that this trend might include and move forward. Towards A Critical Theory of: Globalization The consequences of globalization will arguably one of the most wide ranging and unsettling systematic trends in contemporary history- had remained quite open and will be considerably influenced by the sorts of knowledge constructed about, and fed into the process. Till date, orthodox( and especially liberal) discourses have held higher hand, but there are ample of opportunities that remain to saving notions of globalization for critical theory and associated politics of emancipation. To some extend, no doubt globalization has been remained a buzzword, a term as having an end number of meanings as it is in particular. Much discussion of the global circumstance has been conceptually imprecise and empirically their. References to the global often still merge with ideas of international relations world system simply to denote the extension of social relations beyond national, state and country confines. But in this loose form ideas of globality say nothing particularly new could be applied as much to the seventeenth as the twentieth century. THE RISE OF GLOBALIZATION :- So the term globalization has been defined in various ways but here it can be understood here that globalization refers to the emergence and spread of supra territorial dimension of social relations. In institutional terms, the process has unfolded the proliferation and growth of so called transnational corporations, popular associations and regularity agencies sometimes they are even termed as global companies, global civil society. In ecological terms as well, globalization has taken place in shape of planetary climate change, atmospheric depletion, worldwide epidemics, and the decline of Earths biodiversity, among other things. Economically, what Karl Marx had anticipated as capitals annihilation of space by time or in simple terms complete destruction of capital, globality has been realized inter alia in twenty four hour round the world financial markets, whole world production lines and a host of global consumption articles. Normatively, globalization has occurred through the expansion of worldwide standards9 eg: common scales of measurement and so called universal human rights) as well as through non-territorial networks of collective solidarity. Even psychologically speaking, globalization has developed through growing consciousness of the world as a single place, an awareness reinforced by everyday experienced of fooding, music, socializing as well as pictures of outer space showing planet Earth as one location. In these ways, the rise of supra territoriality has been comprehensive and beyond much of all in some form and to some degree spanning all aspects of social relations. Although, globalization has been most pronounced, sort out and intense in recent years, on a smaller scale and at a slower pace the trend stretches back more than a century. It is claimed here that globalization has touched and influenced every person, location and sphere of activity on the planet, or each to the some extent nor that globalization is a linear and irreversible process even if it has appeared to have an overwhelming quality and in a basic form that globalization constitutes one and only as well primary motor of contemporary history, nor that territory, place and distance have lost all significance, nor that state and geopolitical have ceased to be important, nor that everyone enjoys equal access to an equal voice in and equal benefits from beyond the natural realm. The globalization entails regarding homogenization and of cultural differences, it also proclaims the birth of a world community with perpetual peace. The question also remains here whether, in what ways and to what extend does contemporary globalization has shaped, or might produce, a basic discontinuity in social history. Are there now certain distinctive global forms of social existence which transcend and even super side circumstances of locality, country and international relations? How, if at all, has globalization encouraged and reflected changes in social structure, and with what consequences for the human conditions? Conservatives tend to reject liberal enthusiasm for globalization as utopian and to ignore critical perspectives altogether. In academic circles, globalizations have been especially prevalent among proponents of so-called realist-international theory. This analysis holds that the world system is reducible to interstate competition for power. Perhaps realist arrogance contradicted intuitive awareness that globalization calls into question, traditional knowledge methodological nationalism territorialism- and thereby the very discipline of international relations and the realist vocation itself. Another stream of orthodox thinking liberalism, does acknowledge a reality of globalization, but regards the process uncritically as progressive and mild. In liberal discourse the terms internationalization and globalization are regularly used interchangeably, and cognizance of recent major transformations of social space is often underdeveloped. In liberal eyes, contemporary globalization offers the propect of at last fully realizing the promise of modernity. Neoliberalism, holds that globalization will yield this end of history more or less automatically critical accounts of globalization have chiefly developed along two broad methodological lines. On the one hand, historical-materialist analysis have interpreted the rise of supraterritoriality as a particular turn in capitalist development. On the other hand, what are broadly termed post modernist or post structuralist narratives have highlighted psychological and cultural oppressions that attend globalization. GLOBALIZATION AND ITS GLOBAL EMANCIPATION:- On the contrary, the case for critical theory is compelling. To date, globalization has often perpetuated poverty, widened material inequalities, increased ecological degradation, sustained militarism, fragmented communities, marginalized subordinated groups, fed intolerance and deepened crises of democracy. Globalization has helped to increase ecological consciousness and programmes to enhance environment sustainability. Many of the more globalised parts of the world have witnessed major and quite possibly structural disarmament in recent year and in so far as war is a struggle for territorial occupation, armed conflict may tend to decline as supra territorial interests gain greater sway. For some, globalization has fostered greater awareness of and respect for the diversity of human cultures. In relation to democracy, recent years have witnessed a spread of multiparty elections to many more countries, often with united nations oversight, nad a proliferation of supra territorial citizens action networks. Globalization has to date mostly been an extension of modernization. At the same time, the rapid rise wide ranging reach of this transformation of social space-the transcendence of territorialty- has brought great instability to capitalism, made traditional conceptions of sovereignty unviable, hightened worries about ecological sustainability, injected much confusion into the construction of identity and encouraged reactions against reason. To this extent, globalization has opened space for critical theory and a fundamental rethink of production, governance, ecology and community, as well as the nature and purpose of knowledge itself. GLOBALIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AS A DISCIPLINE:- Perhaps the most obvious equality of discourses of globalization is their all-encompassing intention or nature, their orientation towards descriptions, explanations or theorizations of the whole, the global. This orientation clearly displays distinctive as well as common characteristics across different areas of substantive and theoretical interest in the field broadly defined as international relations these areas are numerous and diverse. They include global political economy, global commons and the role of global institutions. They are concerned in a range of ways with change and particular importance of technology, culture and global structures, processes and patterns of production, marketing and consumption. They renew a debate which has long preoccupied international relations scholars and practitioners concerning the changing capacities and influence of states as key actors. In developing discourses of globalization, international relationists confront two major challenges, both of which require a self conscious and self-critical recognition of the nature of their particular realm of thought and its established discursive practices. The first relates to the hybrid nature of international relations as a field of study , and the second concern the specific, most important dimension of this hybridity. It can be regarded as a strength in the context under discussion here that international relations scholars have always had to recognize the degree to which their subject, as a relatively young discipline, has relied on other long-established areas of thought, eg: philosophy, political theory, diplomatic history and political economy. Power continues to be a central preoccupation for the field of international relations, it needs to be considered more forcefully as a dimension of understanding the impact of the disciplines own hist